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behavior problems

  • 1 organization behavior

    Gen Mgt
    the study of human and group behavior within organizational settings. The study of organization behavior involves looking at the attitudes, interpersonal relationships, performance, productivity, job satisfaction, and commitment of employees, as well as levels of organizational commitment and industrial relations. Organization behavior can be affected by corporate culture, leadership, and management style. Organization behavior emerged as a distinct specialism from organization theory in the late 1950s and early 1960s through attempts to integrate different perspectives on human and management problems and develop an understanding of behavioral dynamics within organizations.

    The ultimate business dictionary > organization behavior

  • 2 problema de comportamiento

    (n.) = behaviour problem, behavioural problem
    Ex. Stepchildren score lower than biological children on achievement tests and exhibit more behavior problems.
    Ex. This article focuses on safety and security in the library and demonstrates the effectof criminal acts and behavioural problems on the library and its operations.
    * * *
    (n.) = behaviour problem, behavioural problem

    Ex: Stepchildren score lower than biological children on achievement tests and exhibit more behavior problems.

    Ex: This article focuses on safety and security in the library and demonstrates the effectof criminal acts and behavioural problems on the library and its operations.

    Spanish-English dictionary > problema de comportamiento

  • 3 examen

    m.
    1 exam, examination (ejercicio).
    aprobar un examen to pass an exam
    hacer un examen to do o take an exam
    poner un examen a alguien to set o give somebody an exam
    presentarse a un examen to sit an exam
    examen escrito written examination
    examen de ingreso entrance examination
    examen final final (exam)
    examen oral oral (exam)
    examen parcial end-of-term exam
    2 consideration, examination.
    someter a examen to examine
    hacer examen de conciencia to take a good look at oneself
    libre examen personal interpretation
    examen médico medical examination o check-up
    3 inspection, scrutiny, observation, perusal.
    4 interrogation, investigation.
    * * *
    1 examination, exam
    2 (estudio) consideration, examination, study
    \
    aprobar un examen to pass an exam
    hacer un examen to do an exam
    presentarse a un examen to take an exam, sit an exam
    examen de conciencia soul-searching
    examen de conducir driving test
    examen de ingreso entrance examination
    examen final final examination
    examen oral oral examination
    * * *
    noun m.
    1) examination, exam
    * * *
    SM
    1) (Escol) examination, exam

    hacer un examen — to sit o take an examination o exam

    presentarse a un examen — to enter for an examination o exam, go in for an examination o exam

    examen de conciencia, hacer examen de conciencia — to examine one's conscience

    examen parcial — (Univ) examination covering part of the course material in a particular subject

    2) (=estudio) [de problema] consideration; [de zona] search
    3) (Med) examination

    examen citológico — cervical smear, smear test, Pap test

    * * *
    1) (Educ) exam, examination (frml)

    examen oral/escrito — oral/written exam

    hacer or (CS) dar un examen — to take an exam

    aprobar or (esp AmL) pasar un examen — to pass an exam o a test

    presentarse a un examen — to take o (BrE) sit an exam

    2) (análisis, reconocimiento)
    •
    * * *
    = examination, inspection, exam, test, proof, close look, test session, question paper, achievement test, performance test, vetting.
    Ex. The reputation of the information and its authority will be more exposed to examination.
    Ex. Even where a catalogue or index to a collection is available, users do not always consult these tools, and may prefer to locate either individual documents, or documents with specific characteristics by inspection of the stock.
    Ex. Some authors, of course, object to their work being subjected to compulsory dissection for exams in the traditional deadly manner and like Bernard Shaw, they swear to haunt anyone who so mistreats them (Shaw's ghost must be busy these days).
    Ex. The suppliers claim that tests show this to be sufficient for 980 of all entries.
    Ex. The catalogue has been automated since 1984, and further proof of the library's value and ability to move with the times are shown by its 8,400 plus individual members.
    Ex. The article has the title 'A close look at Dewey 18: alive and well and living in Albany'.
    Ex. A cognitive walkthrough consists of a re-enactment of a test session in which the user is queried about their movements and decisions throughout the test session.
    Ex. There is an old joke that examiners in economics need never set the candidates new question papers because the answers change every year = Existe una vieja broma que dice que los profesores de económicas nunca necesitan ponerle a los alumnos nuevas preguntas de examen ya que las respuestas cambian cada año.
    Ex. Stepchildren score lower than biological children on achievement tests and exhibit more behavior problems.
    Ex. The domains covered in the performance tests for the area of cosmetology were: hair cut, permanent wave, shampooing, wigs and hairpieces, skin care, hair conditioners (scalp and treatment), and manicuring.
    Ex. Criminal record checks have been an accepted form of pre-employment vetting for those with access to children for some years.
    ----
    * adquisición pendiente de examen y aceptación = on approval acquisition, sending on approbation, sending on approval.
    * a examen = under the microscope.
    * antes del examen = pretest [pre-test].
    * aprobar un examen = pass + examination, pass + an exam.
    * corrector de exámenes = examiner.
    * corregir exámenes = mark + exams.
    * después del examen = posttest [post-test].
    * examen crítico = critical examination.
    * examen de acceso a la licenciatura = Graduate Record Examination (GRE).
    * examen de área = area scanning.
    * examen de conciencia = soul-searching, self-examination.
    * examen de conducir = road test.
    * Examen de Inglés como Segunda Lengua (TOEFL) = TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language).
    * examen de ingreso = entrance exam(ination).
    * examen detallado = close examination.
    * examen de teoría = theory test.
    * examen diagnóstico = diagnostic test.
    * examen escrito = written examination.
    * examen estatal = public exam.
    * examen final = final, final exam.
    * examen más minucioso = closer examination.
    * examen médico = medical examination.
    * examen minucioso = close examination.
    * examen parcial = midterm [mid-term], midterm exam.
    * examen práctico = practical examination.
    * examen rápido = quiz form, quiz [quizzes, -pl.].
    * examen semanal = weekly quiz.
    * examen teórico = theory test.
    * examen tipo test = multiple choice test.
    * hacer un examen = take + test, sit + a paper, sit + an exam.
    * no presentado a examen = absent from exam.
    * preguntas de examen = question paper.
    * reexamen = re-examination [reexamination].
    * someter a examen = expose to + examination.
    * superar un examen = pass + examination, pass + an exam.
    * volver a hacer un examen = retake + an exam.
    * * *
    1) (Educ) exam, examination (frml)

    examen oral/escrito — oral/written exam

    hacer or (CS) dar un examen — to take an exam

    aprobar or (esp AmL) pasar un examen — to pass an exam o a test

    presentarse a un examen — to take o (BrE) sit an exam

    2) (análisis, reconocimiento)
    •
    * * *
    = examination, inspection, exam, test, proof, close look, test session, question paper, achievement test, performance test, vetting.

    Ex: The reputation of the information and its authority will be more exposed to examination.

    Ex: Even where a catalogue or index to a collection is available, users do not always consult these tools, and may prefer to locate either individual documents, or documents with specific characteristics by inspection of the stock.
    Ex: Some authors, of course, object to their work being subjected to compulsory dissection for exams in the traditional deadly manner and like Bernard Shaw, they swear to haunt anyone who so mistreats them (Shaw's ghost must be busy these days).
    Ex: The suppliers claim that tests show this to be sufficient for 980 of all entries.
    Ex: The catalogue has been automated since 1984, and further proof of the library's value and ability to move with the times are shown by its 8,400 plus individual members.
    Ex: The article has the title 'A close look at Dewey 18: alive and well and living in Albany'.
    Ex: A cognitive walkthrough consists of a re-enactment of a test session in which the user is queried about their movements and decisions throughout the test session.
    Ex: There is an old joke that examiners in economics need never set the candidates new question papers because the answers change every year = Existe una vieja broma que dice que los profesores de económicas nunca necesitan ponerle a los alumnos nuevas preguntas de examen ya que las respuestas cambian cada año.
    Ex: Stepchildren score lower than biological children on achievement tests and exhibit more behavior problems.
    Ex: The domains covered in the performance tests for the area of cosmetology were: hair cut, permanent wave, shampooing, wigs and hairpieces, skin care, hair conditioners (scalp and treatment), and manicuring.
    Ex: Criminal record checks have been an accepted form of pre-employment vetting for those with access to children for some years.
    * adquisición pendiente de examen y aceptación = on approval acquisition, sending on approbation, sending on approval.
    * a examen = under the microscope.
    * antes del examen = pretest [pre-test].
    * aprobar un examen = pass + examination, pass + an exam.
    * corrector de exámenes = examiner.
    * corregir exámenes = mark + exams.
    * después del examen = posttest [post-test].
    * examen crítico = critical examination.
    * examen de acceso a la licenciatura = Graduate Record Examination (GRE).
    * examen de área = area scanning.
    * examen de conciencia = soul-searching, self-examination.
    * examen de conducir = road test.
    * Examen de Inglés como Segunda Lengua (TOEFL) = TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language).
    * examen de ingreso = entrance exam(ination).
    * examen detallado = close examination.
    * examen de teoría = theory test.
    * examen diagnóstico = diagnostic test.
    * examen escrito = written examination.
    * examen estatal = public exam.
    * examen final = final, final exam.
    * examen más minucioso = closer examination.
    * examen médico = medical examination.
    * examen minucioso = close examination.
    * examen parcial = midterm [mid-term], midterm exam.
    * examen práctico = practical examination.
    * examen rápido = quiz form, quiz [quizzes, -pl.].
    * examen semanal = weekly quiz.
    * examen teórico = theory test.
    * examen tipo test = multiple choice test.
    * hacer un examen = take + test, sit + a paper, sit + an exam.
    * no presentado a examen = absent from exam.
    * preguntas de examen = question paper.
    * reexamen = re-examination [reexamination].
    * someter a examen = expose to + examination.
    * superar un examen = pass + examination, pass + an exam.
    * volver a hacer un examen = retake + an exam.

    * * *
    A ( Educ) exam, examination ( frml), test ( AmE)
    examen oral/escrito oral/written exam
    hacer or (CS) dar un examen to take an exam
    rendir examen ( frml); to take o ( BrE) sit an exam
    aprobar or ( esp AmL) pasar or (Ur) salvar un examen to pass an exam o a test
    nos puso un examen muy difícil he set us a very difficult exam
    no se presentó al examen she did not take o ( BrE) sit the exam
    Compuestos:
    entrance examination o test
    driving test, driver's test ( AmE)
    entrance examination o test
    ● examen de manejar or de manejo
    ( AmL) driving test, driver's test ( AmE)
    ( Méx) retake exam, makeup test ( AmE), resit ( BrE)
    final examination
    modular exam o test, end of term exam o test
    B
    (análisis, reconocimiento): efectuaron un detallado examen del área they carried out a detailed search of the area
    realizaron un minucioso examen de la situación they carried out an in-depth study of the situation
    someter algo a examen to subject sth to examination ( frml), to examine sth
    Compuestos:
    hacer un examen de conciencia to examine one's conscience
    medical examination, medical
    * * *

     

    examen sustantivo masculino
    a) (Educ) exam, examination (frml);

    ◊ examen de admisión entrance examination o test;

    examen parcial modular exam o test;
    hacer or (CS) dar un examen to take an exam;
    presentarse a un examen to take o (BrE) sit an exam;
    examen de ingreso entrance examination o test
    b) (estudio, investigación) examination;


    examen médico medical examination, medical
    examen sustantivo masculino examination, exam
    examen de conducir, LAm examen de manejar, driving test
    Med examen médico, checkup ➣ Ver nota en nota
    ¿Qué se puede hacer con un examen?
    • poner un examen, to set an exam
    •     presentarse a un examen, to sit an exam
    •     hacer un examen, to do an exam
    •     aprobar un examen, to pass an exam
    •     suspender un examen, to fail an exam
    ' examen' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ambas
    - ambos
    - blanca
    - blanco
    - bobada
    - calificar
    - copiar
    - dejar
    - detallada
    - detallado
    - ejercicio
    - escrutinio
    - fácil
    - floja
    - flojo
    - hacer
    - lengua
    - N. P.
    - oposición
    - opositor
    - opositora
    - parcial
    - pasar
    - presentarse
    - prueba
    - punto
    - superar
    - suspender
    - temario
    - vigilar
    - víspera
    - acordeón
    - admisión
    - bochar
    - comprobación
    - corregir
    - dar
    - difícil
    - eliminatorio
    - escrito
    - evaluación
    - fregado
    - ingreso
    - ir
    - machacar
    - matar
    - observación
    - perder
    - pobre
    - poner
    English:
    breeze
    - catch out
    - cheat
    - crib
    - driving test
    - ease
    - entrance examination
    - exam
    - examination
    - fail
    - flub
    - flunk
    - flying
    - frown
    - get through
    - giveaway
    - grammar school
    - heart-searching
    - mark
    - medical
    - miserably
    - miss
    - mock
    - oral
    - paper
    - pass
    - qualifying
    - resit
    - review
    - sail through
    - score
    - scrape through
    - script
    - scrutiny
    - set
    - sit
    - soul-searching
    - stand
    - stand up
    - stiff
    - study
    - take
    - test
    - tough
    - check
    - debar
    - discourage
    - driving
    - first
    - grammar
    * * *
    examen nm
    1. [ejercicio] exam, examination;
    examen de inglés English exam;
    aprobar o Am [m5] pasar un examen to pass an exam;
    Esp
    suspender o Am [m5] reprobar un examen to fail an exam;
    hacer un examen to do o take an exam;
    poner un examen a alguien to set o give sb an exam;
    presentarse a un examen to take o Br sit an exam
    Esp examen de conducir driving test;
    examen escrito written exam;
    examen final final (exam);
    examen de ingreso entrance exam;
    Am examen de manejar driving test;
    examen oral oral (exam);
    examen parcial end-of-term exam
    2. [indagación] consideration, examination;
    después de un detallado examen, la policía descubrió la verdad after careful consideration of the facts, the police found out the truth;
    someter a examen to examine;
    hacer examen de conciencia to take a good look at oneself;
    libre examen personal interpretation
    examen médico medical examination o check-up
    * * *
    m
    1 test, exam
    2 MED examination
    3 ( análisis) study
    * * *
    1) : examination, test
    2) : consideration, investigation
    * * *
    examen n exam

    Spanish-English dictionary > examen

  • 4 hija o hijo biológico

    Ex. Stepchildren score lower than biological children on achievement tests and exhibit more behavior problems.
    * * *

    Ex: Stepchildren score lower than biological children on achievement tests and exhibit more behavior problems.

    Spanish-English dictionary > hija o hijo biológico

  • 5 hijo adoptivo

    m.
    foster son, foster child, fosterling, adopted child.
    * * *
    (niño, niña) adopted child 2 (chico) adopted son 3 (chica) adopted daughter
    * * *
    (n.) = stepchild [stepchildren, -pl.], foster son, adoptive son, adopted son
    Ex. Stepchildren score lower than biological children on achievement tests and exhibit more behavior problems.
    Ex. Rik van Dam is the foster son of publisher, classical scholar and art collector Johan Polak.
    Ex. The article discusses the African origin of the black adoptive son of Peter the Great of Russia.
    Ex. The author suggests that some of the paintings attributed to Jacobello are instead the work of his adopted son Ercole.
    * * *
    (n.) = stepchild [stepchildren, -pl.], foster son, adoptive son, adopted son

    Ex: Stepchildren score lower than biological children on achievement tests and exhibit more behavior problems.

    Ex: Rik van Dam is the foster son of publisher, classical scholar and art collector Johan Polak.
    Ex: The article discusses the African origin of the black adoptive son of Peter the Great of Russia.
    Ex: The author suggests that some of the paintings attributed to Jacobello are instead the work of his adopted son Ercole.

    Spanish-English dictionary > hijo adoptivo

  • 6 prueba de rendimiento

    (n.) = benchmark, benchtest, achievement test, performance test
    Ex. Benchmarks are the times taken to carry out a set of standard operations and they are comparable to the government fuel consumption figures for cars.
    Ex. The benchtests in the journals are, generally speaking, more objective though they can rarely assess long-term reliability and in most cases assume a degree of technical knowledge.
    Ex. Stepchildren score lower than biological children on achievement tests and exhibit more behavior problems.
    Ex. The domains covered in the performance tests for the area of cosmetology were: hair cut, permanent wave, shampooing, wigs and hairpieces, skin care, hair conditioners (scalp and treatment), and manicuring.
    * * *
    (n.) = benchmark, benchtest, achievement test, performance test

    Ex: Benchmarks are the times taken to carry out a set of standard operations and they are comparable to the government fuel consumption figures for cars.

    Ex: The benchtests in the journals are, generally speaking, more objective though they can rarely assess long-term reliability and in most cases assume a degree of technical knowledge.
    Ex: Stepchildren score lower than biological children on achievement tests and exhibit more behavior problems.
    Ex: The domains covered in the performance tests for the area of cosmetology were: hair cut, permanent wave, shampooing, wigs and hairpieces, skin care, hair conditioners (scalp and treatment), and manicuring.

    Spanish-English dictionary > prueba de rendimiento

  • 7 test

    m.
    test.
    hacer un test to do o take a test
    hacer un test a alguien to give somebody a test
    tipo test multiple-choice (examen, pregunta)
    test de embarazo pregnancy test
    test de inteligencia intelligence test
    * * *
    1 test
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    [tes]
    SM (pl tests) [tes] test
    * * *
    masculino (pl tests) test
    * * *
    = test, lab test, test session, test run, achievement test, performance test.
    Ex. The suppliers claim that tests show this to be sufficient for 980 of all entries.
    Ex. The article 'Search engine showdown' reports the results of lab tests carried out on 7 major World Wide Web (WWW) search engines available free of charge on the Internet.
    Ex. A cognitive walkthrough consists of a re-enactment of a test session in which the user is queried about their movements and decisions throughout the test session.
    Ex. Test run results show that by taking advantage of the favourable properties of holography shorter response times are obtained.
    Ex. Stepchildren score lower than biological children on achievement tests and exhibit more behavior problems.
    Ex. The domains covered in the performance tests for the area of cosmetology were: hair cut, permanent wave, shampooing, wigs and hairpieces, skin care, hair conditioners (scalp and treatment), and manicuring.
    ----
    * examen tipo test = multiple choice test.
    * modelo de test = test design.
    * pregunta tipo test = multiple choice question.
    * puntuación de un test = test score.
    * resultado de un test = test score.
    * test chi cuadrado = chi square test.
    * test de alcoholemia = breath test.
    * test de comprobación = validation test.
    * test de conformidad = conformance testing.
    * test de desgaste = wear test.
    * test de embarazo = pregnancy test.
    * test de evaluación = evaluative test.
    * test de inteligencia = IQ test.
    * test de interoperabilidad = interoperability testing.
    * test de paternidad = paternity test.
    * test de validación = validation test.
    * test univariante = univariate test.
    * * *
    masculino (pl tests) test
    * * *
    = test, lab test, test session, test run, achievement test, performance test.

    Ex: The suppliers claim that tests show this to be sufficient for 980 of all entries.

    Ex: The article 'Search engine showdown' reports the results of lab tests carried out on 7 major World Wide Web (WWW) search engines available free of charge on the Internet.
    Ex: A cognitive walkthrough consists of a re-enactment of a test session in which the user is queried about their movements and decisions throughout the test session.
    Ex: Test run results show that by taking advantage of the favourable properties of holography shorter response times are obtained.
    Ex: Stepchildren score lower than biological children on achievement tests and exhibit more behavior problems.
    Ex: The domains covered in the performance tests for the area of cosmetology were: hair cut, permanent wave, shampooing, wigs and hairpieces, skin care, hair conditioners (scalp and treatment), and manicuring.
    * examen tipo test = multiple choice test.
    * modelo de test = test design.
    * pregunta tipo test = multiple choice question.
    * puntuación de un test = test score.
    * resultado de un test = test score.
    * test chi cuadrado = chi square test.
    * test de alcoholemia = breath test.
    * test de comprobación = validation test.
    * test de conformidad = conformance testing.
    * test de desgaste = wear test.
    * test de embarazo = pregnancy test.
    * test de evaluación = evaluative test.
    * test de inteligencia = IQ test.
    * test de interoperabilidad = interoperability testing.
    * test de paternidad = paternity test.
    * test de validación = validation test.
    * test univariante = univariate test.

    * * *
    (pl tests)
    test
    un test de inteligencia an intelligence o IQ test
    un examen tipo test a multiple-choice exam
    * * *

    test sustantivo masculino (pl
    ◊ tests) test;

    un examen tipo test a multiple-choice exam
    test sustantivo masculino test
    test de calidad, quality test

    ' test' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    alcoholemia
    - análisis
    - control
    - ensayar
    - ensayo
    - evaluación
    - examen
    - graduar
    - lección
    - negativa
    - negativo
    - positiva
    - positivo
    - probar
    - probeta
    - prueba
    - psicotécnica
    - psicotécnico
    - suficiencia
    - testar
    - verificación
    - admisión
    - bebé
    - citología
    - comprobación
    - convivencia
    - dar
    - ejercicio
    - interrogación
    - Papanicolau
    - piloto
    - resistencia
    - seguro
    - sondeo
    - tentar
    - verificar
    English:
    accurately
    - acid test
    - aptitude test
    - attest
    - blood test
    - breath test
    - detest
    - driving test
    - ease
    - polygraph
    - protest
    - protester
    - review
    - score
    - smear test
    - test
    - test case
    - test drive
    - test pilot
    - test run
    - test-tube baby
    - testament
    - testicle
    - testify
    - testimonial
    - testimony
    - worried
    - answer
    - blood
    - blow
    - Breathalyzer
    - dope
    - driving
    - endurance
    - fail
    - full
    - go
    - grade
    - graduated
    - litmus
    - means
    - multiple
    - Pap smear
    - pass
    - pilot
    - positive
    - quiz
    - remote
    - screen
    - set
    * * *
    test [tes(t)] (pl tests) nm
    1. [psicológico] test;
    hacer un test to do o take a test
    test de inteligencia intelligence o IQ test;
    test de personalidad [en revista] personality questionnaire o quiz;
    test psicológico psychological test
    2. [médico] test;
    voy al médico a hacerme unos tests I'm going to have some tests done at the doctor's
    test del embarazo pregnancy test
    3. [prueba] test;
    vamos a hacer un test de sonido we're going to do a sound check;
    hacer un test a alguien to give sb a test
    test de alcoholemia Br Breathalyser® test, US drunkometer
    4. [examen] test;
    tipo test [examen, pregunta] multiple-choice
    * * *
    m test;
    test visual eye test

    Spanish-English dictionary > test

  • 8 אורתופסיכיאטר

    n. orthopsychiatrist, expert in treatment of behavior problems in children

    Hebrew-English dictionary > אורתופסיכיאטר

  • 9 БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

    Мы приняли следующие сокращения для наиболее часто упоминаемых книг и журналов:
    IJP - International Journal of Psycho-analysis
    JAPA - Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
    SE - Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1953—74.)
    PSOC - Psychoanalytic Study of the Child (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    PQ - Psychoanalytic Quarterly
    WAF - The Writings of Anna Freud, ed. Anna Freud (New York: International Universities Press, 1966—74)
    PMC - Psychoanalysis The Major Concepts ed. Burness E. Moore and Bernard D. Fine (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    \
    О словаре: _about - Psychoanalytic Terms and Concepts
    \
    1. Abend, S. M. Identity. PMC. Forthcoming.
    2. Abend, S. M. (1974) Problems of identity. PQ, 43.
    3. Abend, S. M., Porder, M. S. & Willick, M. S. (1983) Borderline Patients. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    4. Abraham, K. (1916) The first pregenital stage of libido. Selected Papers. London, Hogarth Press, 1948.
    5. Abraham, K. (1917) Ejaculatio praecox. In: selected Papers. New York Basic Books.
    6. Abraham, K. (1921) Contributions to the theory of the anal character. Selected Papers. New York: Basic Books, 1953.
    7. Abraham, K. (1924) A Short study of the development of the libido, viewed in the light of mental disorders. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1927.
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    Словарь психоаналитических терминов и понятий > БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

  • 10 lugar

    m.
    1 place.
    en algún lugar somewhere
    no lo veo por ningún lugar I can't see it anywhere
    vuelve a ponerlo todo en su lugar put everything back where it belongs
    yo en tu lugar if I were you
    lugar de encuentro meeting place
    lugar de trabajo place of work
    2 place, town.
    las gentes del lugar the local people
    lugar de nacimiento place of birth
    3 position (post).
    en primer/segundo lugar in the first/second place, firstly/secondly
    4 room, space.
    aquí ya no hay lugar para más gente there's no room for anyone else here
    * * *
    1 (sitio, ciudad) place
    2 (posición, situación) place, position
    ■ ¿qué lugar ocupa en la empresa? what's her position in the company?
    3 (espacio) room, space
    \
    dar lugar a to give rise to
    dejar a alguien en mal lugar to make somebody look foolish, show somebody up
    en lugar de instead of
    fuera de lugar (descolocado) out of place 2 (inoportuno) inappropriate
    hacer lugar to make room
    no ha lugar la protesta objection overruled
    sin lugar a dudas undoubtedly
    tener lugar to take place
    lugar común commonplace
    * * *
    noun m.
    •
    - tener lugar
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=sitio) place

    • algún lugar — somewhere

    • los Santos Lugares — the Holy Places

    lugar común — cliché, commonplace

    composición 3)
    2) (=posición)
    a) [en lista, carrera, trabajo]

    • en primer lugar, se han clasificado en primer lugar — they have qualified in first place

    en primer lugar, me gustaría agradecer la invitación — first of all o firstly, I would like to thank you for inviting me

    b) (=situación)

    yo, en tu lugar, no iría — I wouldn't go if I were you

    en su lugar, ¡descanso! — (Mil) stand easy!

    • dejar a algn en buen/mal lugar — [comportamiento] to reflect well/badly on sb; [persona] to make sb look good/bad

    • estar fuera de lugar — to be out of place

    c)

    • en lugar de — instead of

    vino el portavoz en lugar del ministro — the spokesman came instead of the minister, the spokesman came in the minister's place

    ¿puedo asistir yo en su lugar? — can I go instead?

    en lugar de escribir, me llamó por teléfono — instead of writing, he called me

    en lugar de ir a la piscina, ¿por qué no vamos a la playa? — why don't we go to the beach instead of the swimming pool?

    3) (=ocasión) opportunity, chance

    • dar lugar a algo — to give rise to sth, lead to sth

    • dejar lugar a algo — to leave room for sth

    • sin lugar a dudas — without doubt, undoubtedly

    • no ha lugar, una reacción tan fuerte, francamente no ha lugar — there is no need for such a violent response

    -¡protesto! -no ha lugar — (Jur) "objection!" - "overruled"

    • tener lugar — to take place, happen, occur

    4) (=espacio) room, space

    ¿hay lugar? — is there any room?

    5) (=localidad) place

    En un lugar de la Mancha... — Somewhere in La Mancha...

    las gentes del lugar — the local people, the locals

    lugar de nacimiento — [gen] birthplace; [en impreso] place of birth

    * * *
    1) ( sitio) place
    2) (localidad, región)
    3)
    a) ( espacio libre) room

    hacer lugar para alguien/algo — to make room o space for somebody/something

    b) ( asiento) seat
    4)
    a) ( situación) place

    yo en tu lugar... — if I were you...

    b) (en organización, jerarquía) place

    se clasificó en primer/quinto lugar — she finished in first/fifth place

    5)

    dar lugar a — (a una disputa, a comentarios) to provoke, give rise to

    6) (Der)

    en primer lugar: se tratarán en primer lugar they will be dealt with first; en primer lugar porque... first of all o firstly because...; en último lugar: y en último lugar... and finally o lastly...; a como dé/diera lugar (AmL): se trata de venderlo a como dé lugar the idea is to sell it any way we can; a como diera lugar yo iba a entrar one way or another I was going to get in; dejar a alguien en mal lugar to put somebody in an awkward position; poner a alguien en su lugar to put somebody in her/his place; sin lugar a dudas without doubt, undoubtedly; tener lugar — to take place

    •
    * * *
    = area, locality, location, place, locus [loci, -pl.], site, spot, slot.
    Ex. The area in which standards for bibliographic description have had the most impact is in catalogues and catalogue record data bases.
    Ex. To overcome these problems users must think of all the various names that might have been applied, and must understand something of the geography and administration of the locality concerned.
    Ex. Having been alerted to the existence of a document, the user needs information concerning the actual location of the document, in order that the document may be read.
    Ex. Period and place can also be added to any heading, though there are restrictions on the latter: in certain subjects place takes preference over subject.
    Ex. The locus of government policy making has been shifted to the Ministry of Research and Technology.
    Ex. Here, families from many different communities were up-rooted and resettled on greenfield sites, many miles away from relatives and friends.
    Ex. There was also a spot from which, if you struck the floor with a hard rap of your heel, you could almost count the reverberations as the sound bounced from floor to ceiling to walls to floor.
    Ex. These frames are of different types and have slots also of different types, which can be filled by other frames.
    ----
    * asignar un lugar = give + Nombre + a place in.
    * auxiliares de lugar = area table.
    * cambiar de lugar = relocate, resite [re-site].
    * cambio de lugar = relocation.
    * cambio + tener lugar = change + take place.
    * colocación fuera de lugar = misplacement.
    * colocado en lugar erróneo = misplaced.
    * colocar en el lugar donde = put in + the place where.
    * colocar en su lugar = drop into + place.
    * colocar en un lugar = put into + place.
    * colocar en un lugar erróneo = misplace.
    * confinado a un lugar concreto = site-bound.
    * conseguir ocupar un lugar específico = secure + a niche.
    * Consejo Internacional de Museos y Lugares de Interés (ICOMS) = International Council of Museums and Sites (ICOMOS).
    * curso que tiene lugar fuera de la universidad = extension course, off-campus course.
    * dar lugar = produce.
    * dar lugar a = cause, generate, give + rise to, mean, result (in), leave + room for, bring about, lead to, cause, open + the door to, give + cause to, give + occasion to.
    * dar lugar a la reflexión = provide + food for thought.
    * dar lugar a problemas = give + rise to problems.
    * dar lugar a queja = evoke + complaint.
    * dar lugar a rumores = fuel + rumours, give + rise to rumours.
    * de lugares más distantes = from further afield.
    * demostrar sin lugar a dudas = prove + conclusively.
    * desplazarse de un lugar a otro = move from + place to place.
    * distribuido en varios lugares = multilocationed.
    * el lugar que le corresponde a = the due place of.
    * emplazado en un lugar lejano = outstation.
    * en algún lugar = somewhere, at some point.
    * en algún lugar (de por ahí) = somewhere out there.
    * encontrarse fuera de lugar = be out of + Posesivo + element, be out of place.
    * en cualquier lugar = everywhere, anywhere.
    * en cualquier otro lougar = everywhere else.
    * en cualquier otro lugar = anywhere else.
    * en cuarto lugar = fourthly.
    * en el lugar del accidente = at the scene of the accident.
    * en el lugar de los hechos = at the scene.
    * en lugar de = as opposed to, in place of, instead of, rather than, in lieu of.
    * en lugar del accidente = at the scene.
    * en lugar de otro = vicariously.
    * en lugares cerrados = indoors.
    * en ningún lugar = nowhere.
    * en otro lugar = elsewhere, off-site [offsite].
    * en primer lugar = firstly, in the first place, in the first instance, first and foremost, first off.
    * en quinto lugar = fifthly.
    * en segundo lugar = secondly, second-best [2nd-best], in the second place.
    * en su lugar = instead, in + Posesivo + stead.
    * en tercer lugar = thirdly, on the third hand.
    * en un lugar central = centrally located.
    * en un lugar céntrico = centrally located.
    * en un lugar diferente de = somewhere other than.
    * en un lugar distinto a = somewhere other than.
    * en un lugar seguro = in a safe place, in safekeeping.
    * estar en el lugar adecuado en el momento adecuado = be in the right place at the right time.
    * estar en el lugar indicado en el momento indicado = be in the right place at the right time.
    * estar en el lugar oportuno en el momento oportuno = be in the right place at the right time.
    * estar fuera de lugar = be out of place, be out of order.
    * fuera de lugar = out of place, uncalled-for.
    * gallito del lugar, el = cock-of-the-walk.
    * ganarse un lugar en el corazón de Alguien = win + a place in + heart.
    * habitante del lugar = local, local resident.
    * hacerse un lugar = carve out + a place.
    * hacer una marca para indicar el lugar donde uno se ha quedado leyendo = mark + Posesivo + place.
    * lugar acogedor = welcoming place.
    * lugar aglomerado = crowded quarter.
    * lugar ameno = locus amoenus.
    * lugar atrasado = backwater.
    * lugar común de alimentación = feeding ground.
    * lugar común de encuentro = meeting ground.
    * lugar cultural = cultural site.
    * lugar de acampada = campsite [camp site], camping site, campground.
    * lugar de aterrizaje = landing site, landing area.
    * lugar de celebración = venue.
    * lugar de celebración del congreso = conference venue.
    * lugar de cita = meeting ground.
    * lugar de cría = breeding ground, breeding area.
    * lugar de descanso = resting place.
    * lugar de diversión = playground.
    * lugar de encuentro = meeting place, meeting point, gathering place, tryst.
    * lugar de entretenimiento nocturno = night spot.
    * lugar de honor = pride of place.
    * lugar de impresión = place of printing.
    * lugar de interés = attraction, sight.
    * lugar del crimen = scene of the crime.
    * lugar de nacimiento = birthplace, place of birth.
    * lugar de origen = locality of origin.
    * lugar de parada = halting place.
    * lugar de pasto = feeding ground.
    * lugar de prueba alfa = alpha test site, alpha site.
    * lugar de prueba beta = beta test site.
    * lugar de pruebas = test site.
    * lugar de publicación = place of publication.
    * lugar de recogida = pick-up location, pick-up point, drop-off point.
    * lugar de residencia = place of residence.
    * lugar destacado = prime space.
    * lugar de trabajo = affiliation, institutional affiliation, working environment, workplace, work setting, place of work, worksite [work site], home institution.
    * lugar de trabajo del autor = author affiliation.
    * lugar de vacaciones = tourist destination.
    * lugar donde las aves pasan la noche = roost.
    * lugar donde pasar el rato = hang out.
    * lugar en el mercado de venta = market niche.
    * lugar en la ordenación = filing position.
    * lugar escondido = secluded spot.
    * lugares de interés = sights.
    * lugar específico = niche.
    * lugar físico = physical place.
    * lugar frecuentado = hang out.
    * lugar histórico = historic site, historical site.
    * lugar interesante = hot spot.
    * lugar oculto = hidden storage place, secret storage location, secret storage place, secret holding location, secret cell.
    * lugar para comer = eating facility.
    * lugar pintoresco = beauty spot.
    * lugar privilegiado = place in the sun.
    * lugar protegido = safe haven, safe harbour.
    * lugar público = public place.
    * lugar que le corresponde = Posesivo + rightful place.
    * lugar que nos corresponde = place in the sun.
    * lugar remoto = secluded spot.
    * lugar resguardado del viento y soleado = suntrap.
    * lugar seguro = safe haven, safe place.
    * lugar visible = prime space.
    * nombre de lugar = place name.
    * no tener lugar = fall through.
    * ocasión + dar lugar a = occasion + give rise to.
    * ocupar el lugar de = take + the place of.
    * ocupar el lugar de Alguien = take + Posesivo + place.
    * ocupar un lugar = hold + a place, occupy + place.
    * ocupar un lugar destacado para + Pronombre = stand + high on + Posesivo + list.
    * ocupar un lugar en una clasificación = rank.
    * ocupar un lugar importante = take + pride of place.
    * ocupar un lugar prioritario en los intereses de Alguien = rank + high on + Posesivo + agenda.
    * ocupar un lugar privilegiado = have + pride of place.
    * ocupar un primer lugar = stand + first.
    * ponerse en el lugar de = place + Reflexivo + in the position of, put + Reflexivo + in the position of.
    * ponerse en el lugar de Alguien = put + Reflexivo + in + Nombre/Posesivo + shoes, wear + Posesivo + shoes, walk in + Posesivo + shoes.
    * ponerse en lugar de Alguien = stand in + Posesivo + shoes.
    * primer lugar de consulta = first stop.
    * que huele a lugar cerrado = fusty.
    * que no aparece en primer lugar = nonfirst [non-first].
    * que tiene lugar una vez a la semana = once-weekly.
    * residente del lugar = local resident.
    * sentimiento de pertenecer a un lugar = sense of belonging.
    * sentirse fuera de lugar = feel + inadequate.
    * sin lugar a dudas = conclusively, undeniably, unquestionably, without any doubt, by all accounts, no mistake, no doubt, without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt, to be sure.
    * sistema en el que el documento aparece representado en un único lugar del ín = one-place system.
    * situado en primer lugar = top-rated.
    * situado en un lugar céntrico = centrally located.
    * situado en un lugar lejano = outstation.
    * tener lugar = take + place, go on, come to + pass.
    * TIP (El Lugar de Información) = TIP (The Information Place).
    * UF (úsese en lugar de) = UF (use for).
    * un buen lugar de partida = a good place to start.
    * variar de lugar a lugar = differ + from place to place.
    * variar de un lugar a otro = vary + from place to place.
    * visita con conferencia a varios lugares de un país = lecture tour.
    * zona central de un lugar = heartland.
    * * *
    1) ( sitio) place
    2) (localidad, región)
    3)
    a) ( espacio libre) room

    hacer lugar para alguien/algo — to make room o space for somebody/something

    b) ( asiento) seat
    4)
    a) ( situación) place

    yo en tu lugar... — if I were you...

    b) (en organización, jerarquía) place

    se clasificó en primer/quinto lugar — she finished in first/fifth place

    5)

    dar lugar a — (a una disputa, a comentarios) to provoke, give rise to

    6) (Der)

    en primer lugar: se tratarán en primer lugar they will be dealt with first; en primer lugar porque... first of all o firstly because...; en último lugar: y en último lugar... and finally o lastly...; a como dé/diera lugar (AmL): se trata de venderlo a como dé lugar the idea is to sell it any way we can; a como diera lugar yo iba a entrar one way or another I was going to get in; dejar a alguien en mal lugar to put somebody in an awkward position; poner a alguien en su lugar to put somebody in her/his place; sin lugar a dudas without doubt, undoubtedly; tener lugar — to take place

    •
    * * *
    = area, locality, location, place, locus [loci, -pl.], site, spot, slot.

    Ex: The area in which standards for bibliographic description have had the most impact is in catalogues and catalogue record data bases.

    Ex: To overcome these problems users must think of all the various names that might have been applied, and must understand something of the geography and administration of the locality concerned.
    Ex: Having been alerted to the existence of a document, the user needs information concerning the actual location of the document, in order that the document may be read.
    Ex: Period and place can also be added to any heading, though there are restrictions on the latter: in certain subjects place takes preference over subject.
    Ex: The locus of government policy making has been shifted to the Ministry of Research and Technology.
    Ex: Here, families from many different communities were up-rooted and resettled on greenfield sites, many miles away from relatives and friends.
    Ex: There was also a spot from which, if you struck the floor with a hard rap of your heel, you could almost count the reverberations as the sound bounced from floor to ceiling to walls to floor.
    Ex: These frames are of different types and have slots also of different types, which can be filled by other frames.
    * asignar un lugar = give + Nombre + a place in.
    * auxiliares de lugar = area table.
    * cambiar de lugar = relocate, resite [re-site].
    * cambio de lugar = relocation.
    * cambio + tener lugar = change + take place.
    * colocación fuera de lugar = misplacement.
    * colocado en lugar erróneo = misplaced.
    * colocar en el lugar donde = put in + the place where.
    * colocar en su lugar = drop into + place.
    * colocar en un lugar = put into + place.
    * colocar en un lugar erróneo = misplace.
    * confinado a un lugar concreto = site-bound.
    * conseguir ocupar un lugar específico = secure + a niche.
    * Consejo Internacional de Museos y Lugares de Interés (ICOMS) = International Council of Museums and Sites (ICOMOS).
    * curso que tiene lugar fuera de la universidad = extension course, off-campus course.
    * dar lugar = produce.
    * dar lugar a = cause, generate, give + rise to, mean, result (in), leave + room for, bring about, lead to, cause, open + the door to, give + cause to, give + occasion to.
    * dar lugar a la reflexión = provide + food for thought.
    * dar lugar a problemas = give + rise to problems.
    * dar lugar a queja = evoke + complaint.
    * dar lugar a rumores = fuel + rumours, give + rise to rumours.
    * de lugares más distantes = from further afield.
    * demostrar sin lugar a dudas = prove + conclusively.
    * desplazarse de un lugar a otro = move from + place to place.
    * distribuido en varios lugares = multilocationed.
    * el lugar que le corresponde a = the due place of.
    * emplazado en un lugar lejano = outstation.
    * en algún lugar = somewhere, at some point.
    * en algún lugar (de por ahí) = somewhere out there.
    * encontrarse fuera de lugar = be out of + Posesivo + element, be out of place.
    * en cualquier lugar = everywhere, anywhere.
    * en cualquier otro lougar = everywhere else.
    * en cualquier otro lugar = anywhere else.
    * en cuarto lugar = fourthly.
    * en el lugar del accidente = at the scene of the accident.
    * en el lugar de los hechos = at the scene.
    * en lugar de = as opposed to, in place of, instead of, rather than, in lieu of.
    * en lugar del accidente = at the scene.
    * en lugar de otro = vicariously.
    * en lugares cerrados = indoors.
    * en ningún lugar = nowhere.
    * en otro lugar = elsewhere, off-site [offsite].
    * en primer lugar = firstly, in the first place, in the first instance, first and foremost, first off.
    * en quinto lugar = fifthly.
    * en segundo lugar = secondly, second-best [2nd-best], in the second place.
    * en su lugar = instead, in + Posesivo + stead.
    * en tercer lugar = thirdly, on the third hand.
    * en un lugar central = centrally located.
    * en un lugar céntrico = centrally located.
    * en un lugar diferente de = somewhere other than.
    * en un lugar distinto a = somewhere other than.
    * en un lugar seguro = in a safe place, in safekeeping.
    * estar en el lugar adecuado en el momento adecuado = be in the right place at the right time.
    * estar en el lugar indicado en el momento indicado = be in the right place at the right time.
    * estar en el lugar oportuno en el momento oportuno = be in the right place at the right time.
    * estar fuera de lugar = be out of place, be out of order.
    * fuera de lugar = out of place, uncalled-for.
    * gallito del lugar, el = cock-of-the-walk.
    * ganarse un lugar en el corazón de Alguien = win + a place in + heart.
    * habitante del lugar = local, local resident.
    * hacerse un lugar = carve out + a place.
    * hacer una marca para indicar el lugar donde uno se ha quedado leyendo = mark + Posesivo + place.
    * lugar acogedor = welcoming place.
    * lugar aglomerado = crowded quarter.
    * lugar ameno = locus amoenus.
    * lugar atrasado = backwater.
    * lugar común de alimentación = feeding ground.
    * lugar común de encuentro = meeting ground.
    * lugar cultural = cultural site.
    * lugar de acampada = campsite [camp site], camping site, campground.
    * lugar de aterrizaje = landing site, landing area.
    * lugar de celebración = venue.
    * lugar de celebración del congreso = conference venue.
    * lugar de cita = meeting ground.
    * lugar de cría = breeding ground, breeding area.
    * lugar de descanso = resting place.
    * lugar de diversión = playground.
    * lugar de encuentro = meeting place, meeting point, gathering place, tryst.
    * lugar de entretenimiento nocturno = night spot.
    * lugar de honor = pride of place.
    * lugar de impresión = place of printing.
    * lugar de interés = attraction, sight.
    * lugar del crimen = scene of the crime.
    * lugar de nacimiento = birthplace, place of birth.
    * lugar de origen = locality of origin.
    * lugar de parada = halting place.
    * lugar de pasto = feeding ground.
    * lugar de prueba alfa = alpha test site, alpha site.
    * lugar de prueba beta = beta test site.
    * lugar de pruebas = test site.
    * lugar de publicación = place of publication.
    * lugar de recogida = pick-up location, pick-up point, drop-off point.
    * lugar de residencia = place of residence.
    * lugar destacado = prime space.
    * lugar de trabajo = affiliation, institutional affiliation, working environment, workplace, work setting, place of work, worksite [work site], home institution.
    * lugar de trabajo del autor = author affiliation.
    * lugar de vacaciones = tourist destination.
    * lugar donde las aves pasan la noche = roost.
    * lugar donde pasar el rato = hang out.
    * lugar en el mercado de venta = market niche.
    * lugar en la ordenación = filing position.
    * lugar escondido = secluded spot.
    * lugares de interés = sights.
    * lugar específico = niche.
    * lugar físico = physical place.
    * lugar frecuentado = hang out.
    * lugar histórico = historic site, historical site.
    * lugar interesante = hot spot.
    * lugar oculto = hidden storage place, secret storage location, secret storage place, secret holding location, secret cell.
    * lugar para comer = eating facility.
    * lugar pintoresco = beauty spot.
    * lugar privilegiado = place in the sun.
    * lugar protegido = safe haven, safe harbour.
    * lugar público = public place.
    * lugar que le corresponde = Posesivo + rightful place.
    * lugar que nos corresponde = place in the sun.
    * lugar remoto = secluded spot.
    * lugar resguardado del viento y soleado = suntrap.
    * lugar seguro = safe haven, safe place.
    * lugar visible = prime space.
    * nombre de lugar = place name.
    * no tener lugar = fall through.
    * ocasión + dar lugar a = occasion + give rise to.
    * ocupar el lugar de = take + the place of.
    * ocupar el lugar de Alguien = take + Posesivo + place.
    * ocupar un lugar = hold + a place, occupy + place.
    * ocupar un lugar destacado para + Pronombre = stand + high on + Posesivo + list.
    * ocupar un lugar en una clasificación = rank.
    * ocupar un lugar importante = take + pride of place.
    * ocupar un lugar prioritario en los intereses de Alguien = rank + high on + Posesivo + agenda.
    * ocupar un lugar privilegiado = have + pride of place.
    * ocupar un primer lugar = stand + first.
    * ponerse en el lugar de = place + Reflexivo + in the position of, put + Reflexivo + in the position of.
    * ponerse en el lugar de Alguien = put + Reflexivo + in + Nombre/Posesivo + shoes, wear + Posesivo + shoes, walk in + Posesivo + shoes.
    * ponerse en lugar de Alguien = stand in + Posesivo + shoes.
    * primer lugar de consulta = first stop.
    * que huele a lugar cerrado = fusty.
    * que no aparece en primer lugar = nonfirst [non-first].
    * que tiene lugar una vez a la semana = once-weekly.
    * residente del lugar = local resident.
    * sentimiento de pertenecer a un lugar = sense of belonging.
    * sentirse fuera de lugar = feel + inadequate.
    * sin lugar a dudas = conclusively, undeniably, unquestionably, without any doubt, by all accounts, no mistake, no doubt, without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt, to be sure.
    * sistema en el que el documento aparece representado en un único lugar del ín = one-place system.
    * situado en primer lugar = top-rated.
    * situado en un lugar céntrico = centrally located.
    * situado en un lugar lejano = outstation.
    * tener lugar = take + place, go on, come to + pass.
    * TIP (El Lugar de Información) = TIP (The Information Place).
    * UF (úsese en lugar de) = UF (use for).
    * un buen lugar de partida = a good place to start.
    * variar de lugar a lugar = differ + from place to place.
    * variar de un lugar a otro = vary + from place to place.
    * visita con conferencia a varios lugares de un país = lecture tour.
    * zona central de un lugar = heartland.

    * * *
    A (sitio) place
    no es éste el lugar ni el momento oportuno para hablar de ello this is neither the time nor the place to discuss it
    esto no está en su lugar this is not in its place, this is not where it should be o in the right place o where it belongs
    en cualquier otro lugar la gente se hubiera echado a la calle anywhere else o in any other country, people would have taken to the streets
    hemos cambiado los muebles de lugar we've moved the furniture around
    tiene que estar en algún lugar it must be somewhere
    guárdalo en un lugar seguro keep it in a safe place
    [ S ] consérvese en lugar fresco keep in a cool place
    se trasladaron al lugar del suceso they went to the scene of the incident
    ¿se te ocurre un lugar por aquí cerca donde podamos ir a comer? can you think of anywhere around here where we can go and eat?
    B
    (localidad, región): visité varios lugares I visited several places
    los habitantes del lugar the local inhabitants o people
    en un lugar de África somewhere in Africa
    lugar y fecha de nacimiento place and date of birth
    C
    1
    (espacio libre): ¿podrían hacer lugar para alguien más? could you make room o space for one more?
    no hay lugar para nada más there's no room for anything else
    aquí te dejé un lugar para que pongas tus cosas I left you some space here for you to put your things
    2 (asiento) seat
    D
    1 (situación) place
    ponte en mi lugar put yourself in my place
    yo en tu lugar no se lo diría I wouldn't tell her if I were you
    ¡ya quisiera verte en mi lugar! I'd like to see what you'd do in my place o position o ( colloq) shoes
    2 (en una organización, jerarquía) place
    el lugar que le corresponde her rightful place o position
    nadie puede ocupar el lugar de una madre nobody can take a mother's place
    según el lugar que ocupan en la lista according to their position on the list
    en quinto lugar se clasificó el equipo australiano the Australian team finished fifth o in fifth place o in fifth position
    E
    dar lugar a (a una disputa) to provoke, give rise to, spark off; (a comentarios) to give rise to, provoke
    han dado lugar a que la gente hable their behavior has got o set people talking
    F ( Der):
    no ha lugar la protesta the objection is overruled
    G ( en locs):
    en lugar de instead of
    fue él en lugar de su hermano he went instead of his brother o in his brother's place
    en lugar de hablar tanto podrías ayudar un poco instead of talking so much you might help a bit
    ¿puede firmar ella en mi lugar? can she sign for me o on my behalf
    ¿y si en lugar de ir nosotros viene él aquí? and how about him coming here rather than us going there?
    en primer/segundo/último lugar: los temas que serán tratados en primer lugar the topics which will be dealt with first
    no estoy de acuerdo, en primer lugar porque … I don't agree, first of all o firstly because …
    y en último lugar, hablaremos de las posibles soluciones and finally o lastly, we will discuss possible solutions
    a como dé/diera lugar ( AmL): se trata de venderlo a como dé lugar the idea is to sell it however possible o however they can
    a como diera lugar yo iba a entrar al concierto one way or another I was going to get into the concert
    dejar a algn en mal lugar to put sb in an awkward position
    no dejar lugar a dudas: lo dijo con tal convicción que no dejó lugar a dudas sobre su sinceridad she said it with such conviction that there could be no doubt about her sincerity
    poner a algn en su lugar to put sb in her/his place
    sin lugar a dudas without doubt, undoubtedly
    tener lugar to take place
    un lugar para cada cosa y cada cosa en su lugar a place for everything and everything in its place
    Compuestos:
    cliché, commonplace
    locus
    * * *

     

    lugar sustantivo masculino
    1 ( en general) place;

    en cualquier otro lugar anywhere else;
    en algún lugar somewhere;
    cambiar los muebles de lugar to move the furniture around;
    el lugar del suceso the scene of the incident;
    yo en tu lugar … if I were you …;
    ponte en mi lugar put yourself in my place;
    se clasificó en primer lugar she finished in first place
    2 (localidad, región):

    lugar y fecha de nacimiento place and date of birth
    3

    ◊ hacer lugar para algn/algo to make room o space for sb/sth;

    me hizo un lugar he made me some room

    4
    ◊ dar lugar a (a disputa, comentarios) to provoke, give rise to

    5 ( en locs)

    ella firmó en mi lugar she signed on my behalf;
    en primer lugar ( antes que nada) first of all, firstly;
    en último lugar ( finalmente) finally, lastly;
    sin lugar a dudas without doubt, undoubtedly;
    tener lugar to take place
    lugar sustantivo masculino
    1 place
    la gente del lugar, the local people
    en algún lugar del cuerpo/libro, in some part of the body/book
    2 (ocasión) time: no hubo lugar para ello, there was no occasion for it
    3 (motivo) occasion: dio lugar a un malentendido, it gave rise to a misunderstanding
    ♦ Locuciones: sentirse fuera de lugar to feel out of place
    tener lugar, to take place
    en lugar de, instead of
    en mi/tu/su lugar..., if I/you/he were me/you/him...
    en primer lugar, in the first place, firstly
    sin lugar a dudas, without a doubt
    ' lugar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abandonada
    - abandonado
    - abandono
    - abrigo
    - acogedor
    - acogedora
    - acuartelamiento
    - acudir
    - airear
    - alejada
    - alejado
    - allá
    - allí
    - antesala
    - apartada
    - apartado
    - aquí
    - archivo
    - arena
    - atrás
    - baja
    - bajo
    - botar
    - cabida
    - caer
    - celebrarse
    - colocarse
    - continuar
    - damnificada
    - damnificado
    - darse
    - definitivamente
    - dejar
    - delante
    - dentro
    - deprimida
    - deprimido
    - derecha
    - desalojo
    - desamparada
    - desamparado
    - desarrollarse
    - desencadenar
    - desencajada
    - desencajado
    - desentonar
    - desfilar
    - designar
    - deslizarse
    - despacho
    English:
    abroad
    - agree
    - be
    - beauty spot
    - birthplace
    - breeding ground
    - burial
    - celebrate
    - change
    - climb
    - come off
    - commonplace
    - commuter
    - dental surgery
    - designate
    - desolation
    - divert
    - drive-through
    - elsewhere
    - equatorial
    - erect
    - everyplace
    - ex
    - first
    - firstly
    - foremost
    - haunt
    - high
    - homeland
    - in-service
    - inch
    - innermost
    - innocent
    - instead
    - introduction
    - landmark
    - last
    - lie
    - lieu
    - live in
    - liven
    - location
    - lookout
    - Mecca
    - midterm
    - misplaced
    - mournful
    - move back
    - occupy
    - palace
    * * *
    ♦ nm
    1. [sitio] place;
    [del crimen, accidente] scene; [para acampar, merendar] spot;
    encontraron una pistola en el lugar de los hechos they found a gun at the crime scene o scene of the crime;
    ¿en qué lugar habré metido las tijeras? where can I have put the scissors?;
    en algún lugar somewhere;
    no lo veo por ningún lugar I can't see it anywhere;
    vuelve a ponerlo todo en su lugar put everything back where it belongs;
    he cambiado el televisor de lugar I've moved the television;
    estoy buscando un lugar donde pasar la noche I'm looking for somewhere to spend the night;
    éste no es (el) lugar para discutir eso this is not the place to discuss that
    lugar de anidación nesting site;
    lugar de encuentro meeting place;
    lugar de interés place of interest;
    lugar de reunión meeting place;
    lugar sagrado sanctum;
    lugar de trabajo workplace
    2. [localidad] place, town;
    las gentes del lugar the local people;
    ni los más viejos del lugar recuerdan algo semejante not even the oldest people there can remember anything like it
    lugar de nacimiento [en biografía] birthplace; [en formulario, impreso] place of birth;
    lugar de residencia [en formulario, impreso] place of residence;
    lugar turístico Br holiday o US vacation resort;
    lugar de veraneo summer resort
    3. [puesto] position;
    ocupa un lugar importante en la empresa she has an important position in the company, she is high up in the company;
    ¿puedes ir tú en mi lugar? can you go in my place?;
    en primer/segundo lugar, quiero decir… in the first/second place, I would like to say…, firstly/secondly, I would like to say…;
    llegó en primer/segundo lugar she finished o came first/second;
    en último lugar, quiero decir… lastly o last, I would like to say…;
    llegó en último lugar she came last;
    ponte en mi lugar put yourself in my place;
    yo en tu lugar if I were you
    4. [espacio libre] room, space;
    esta mesa ocupa mucho lugar this table takes up a lot of room o space;
    aquí ya no hay lugar para más gente there's no room for anyone else here;
    hacerle lugar a algo/alguien to make room o some space for sth/sb
    5. lugar común platitude, commonplace
    6. [ocasión]
    dar lugar a [rumores, comentarios, debate, disputa] to give rise to;
    [polémica] to spark off, to give rise to; [catástrofe] to lead to, to cause; [explosión, escape] to cause; Am
    a como dé lugar whatever the cost, whatever it takes;
    Der
    no ha lugar objection overruled;
    no hay lugar a duda there's no (room for) doubt;
    sin lugar a dudas without doubt, undoubtedly
    7.
    tener lugar to take place;
    la recepción tendrá lugar en los jardines del palacio the reception will be held in the palace gardens
    8. Comp
    dejar en buen lugar: el cantante mexicano dejó en buen lugar a su país the Mexican singer did his country proud;
    dejar en mal lugar: no nos dejes en mal lugar y pórtate bien be good and don't show us up;
    estar fuera de lugar to be out of place;
    poner a alguien en su lugar to put sb in his/her place;
    poner las cosas en su lugar to set things straight
    ♦ en lugar de loc prep
    instead of;
    acudió en lugar de mí she came in my place o instead of me;
    en lugar de la sopa, tomaré pasta I'll have the pasta instead of the soup;
    en lugar de mirar, podrías echarnos una mano you could give us a hand rather than o instead of just standing/sitting there watching
    * * *
    m place;
    en lugar de instead of;
    en primer lugar in the first place, first(ly);
    fuera de lugar out of place;
    yo en tu lugar if I were you, (if I were) in your place;
    ponte en mi lugar put yourself in my place;
    dar lugar a give rise to;
    tener lugar take place;
    sin lugar a dudas without a doubt
    * * *
    lugar nm
    1) : place, position
    se llevó el primer lugar en su división: she took first place in her division
    2) espacio: space, room
    3)
    dar lugar a : to give rise to, to lead to
    4)
    en lugar de : instead of
    5)
    lugar común : cliché, platitude
    6)
    tener lugar : to take place
    * * *
    lugar n place
    un lugar donde sentarse a place to sit / somewhere to sit
    dar lugar a to give rise to [pt. gave; pp. given]
    en primer lugar firstly / first of all

    Spanish-English dictionary > lugar

  • 11 paliativo

    adj.
    1 palliative, buffering, extenuative, extenuating.
    2 alleviative.
    m.
    palliative, alleviating agent, attenuant, reliever.
    * * *
    1 palliative
    1 palliative
    ————————
    1 palliative
    * * *
    1.
    ADJ palliative, mitigating
    2.

    sin paliativos — [desastre, fracaso] unmitigated; [rechazo] unreserved; [vulgaridad] utter

    * * *
    I
    - va adjetivo palliative
    II
    a) (Fin, Med, Pol) palliative (measure)
    b)

    sin paliativos — (loc adj) inexcusable; (loc adv) unreservedly

    lo condenó sin paliativos — he roundly o unreservedly condemned it

    * * *
    = curative, palliative.
    Ex. This article recommends the allocation of a new sub-class to African literature as a curative measure for the problems inherent in the scheme.
    Ex. No measure of cooperation in collection building, national or international, will amount to anything more than a short-term palliative for the acquisitions problems of academic libraries.
    ----
    * cuidado paliativo = respite care.
    * medida paliativa = palliative measure.
    * * *
    I
    - va adjetivo palliative
    II
    a) (Fin, Med, Pol) palliative (measure)
    b)

    sin paliativos — (loc adj) inexcusable; (loc adv) unreservedly

    lo condenó sin paliativos — he roundly o unreservedly condemned it

    * * *
    = curative, palliative.

    Ex: This article recommends the allocation of a new sub-class to African literature as a curative measure for the problems inherent in the scheme.

    Ex: No measure of cooperation in collection building, national or international, will amount to anything more than a short-term palliative for the acquisitions problems of academic libraries.
    * cuidado paliativo = respite care.
    * medida paliativa = palliative measure.

    * * *
    paliativo1 -va
    palliative
    1 ( Fin, Med, Pol) palliative, palliative measure
    2
    sin paliativos ( loc adj) inexcusable;
    ( loc adv) unreservedly
    comportamiento sin paliativos inexcusable behavior
    condenó sin paliativos el uso de las armas he roundly o unreservedly condemned the use of arms
    * * *
    paliativo, -a
    ♦ adj
    palliative
    ♦ nm
    Med palliative
    ♦ sin paliativos loc adj
    unmitigated;
    una derrota sin paliativos an unmitigated defeat
    ♦ sin paliativos loc adv
    unreservedly;
    condenó sin paliativos el asesinato she condemned the murder unreservedly
    * * *
    m/adj palliative
    * * *
    paliativo, -va adj
    : palliative
    : palliative

    Spanish-English dictionary > paliativo

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    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Bibliography

  • 13 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 14 Language

       Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)
       It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)
       It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)
       Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)
       It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)
       [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]
       Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it
       Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another
       LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)
       We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)
       We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.
       The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)
       9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language
       The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)
       It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)
       In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)
       In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)
       [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)
       he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.
       The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)
       The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.
       But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)
       The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)
        t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)
       A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)
       Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)
       It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)
       First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....
       Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)
       If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)
        23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction
       Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)
       By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)
       Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language

  • 15 Insight

       In October 1838 that is, fifteen months after I had begun my systematic enquiry, I happened to read for amusement "Malthus on Population," and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on from long-continued observation of the habits of animals and plants, it at once struck me that under these circumstances favorable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavorable ones to be destroyed. (Darwin, 1911, p. 68)
       The insight of the chimpanzee shows itself to be principally determined by his optical apprehension of the situation. (KoЁhler, 1925, p. 267)
       Then I turned my attention to the study of some arithmetical questions apparently without much success and without a suspicion of any connection with my preceding researches. Disgusted with my failure, I went to spend a few days at the seaside, and thought of something else. One morning, walking on the bluff, the idea came to me, with just the same characteristics of brevity, suddenness and immediate certainty, that the arithmetic transformations of indeterminate ternary quadratic forms were identical with those of non-Euclidean geometry. (Poincareґ, 1929, p. 388)
       The direct awareness of determination... may also be called insight. When I once used this expression in a description of the intelligent behavior of apes, an unfortunate misunderstanding was, it seems, not entirely prevented.... Apparently, some readers interpreted this formulation as though it referred to a mysterious mental agent or faculty which was made responsible for the apes' behavior. Actually, nothing of this sort was intended... the concept is used in a strictly descriptive fashion. (KoЁhler, 1947, pp. 341-342)
       The task must be neither so easy that the animal solves the problem at once, thus not allowing one to analyze the solution; nor so hard that the animal fails to solve it except by rote learning in a long series of trials. With a problem of such borderline difficulty, the solution may appear out of a blue sky. There is a period first of fruitless effort in one direction, or perhaps a series of attempted solutions. Then suddenly there is a complete change in the direction of effort, and a cleancut solution of the task. This then is the first criterion of the occurrence of insight. The behavior cannot be described as a gradual accretion of learning; it is evident that something has happened in the animal at the moment of solution. (What happens is another matter.) (Hebb, 1949, p. 160)
       If the subject had not spontaneously solved the problem [of how to catch hold at the same time of two strings hung from the ceiling so wide apart that he or she could only get hold of one at a time, when the only available tool was a pair of pliers, by tying the pliers to one string and setting it into pendular motion] within ten minutes, Maier supplied him with a hint; he would "accidentally" brush against one of the strings, causing it to swing gently. Of those who solved the problem after this hint, the average interval between hint and solution was only forty-two seconds.... Most of those subjects who solved the problem immediately after the hint did so without any realization that they had been given one. The "idea" of making a pendulum with pliers seemed to arise spontaneously. (Osgood, 1960, p. 633)
       There seems to be very little reason to believe that solutions to novel problems come about in flashes of insight, independently of past experience.... People create solutions to new problems by starting with what they know and later modifying it to meet the specific problem at hand. (Weisberg, 1986, p. 50)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Insight

  • 16 desajuste

    m.
    1 misalignment.
    2 inconsistency.
    3 misadjustent, upset, alteration, unbalance.
    4 skew.
    pres.subj.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: desajustar.
    * * *
    1 (mal funcionamiento) maladjustment; (avería) breakdown
    \
    desajuste de horarios clashing timetables plural
    desajuste económico economic imbalance
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=desarreglo) [de hormonas, presupuesto] imbalance; [de máquina] breakdown

    el desajuste entre los países ricos y pobres — the disparity o imbalance between rich and poor countries

    2) (=desacuerdo) [gen] disagreement; [de planes] upsetting
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Econ, Fin) imbalance
    b) (Psic, Sociol)
    2)
    a) ( trastorno) disruption
    b) ( defecto) fault
    * * *
    = imbalance, mismatch, gap, misfit, malalignment, maladjustment, misadjustment, misalignment, unbalance.
    Ex. This results in an imbalance of error tolerance.
    Ex. The electron microscope is a clear case of extreme mismatch between the number of citations received and the impact of the instrument in a wide area of science.
    Ex. The gap between what private and public institutions charge means that private schools are at a big disadvantage in recruiting students.
    Ex. For the benefit of both users and vendors, this misfit should be overcome.
    Ex. The literature is filled with articles regarding the diagnosis, ' malalignment of the patella,' most of which give no precise diagnosis.
    Ex. The findings indicated that antisocial behavior was relatively stable across the elementary school years and seemed indicative for increasing maladjustment during adolescence.
    Ex. Laptop computers can also have misadjustments relating to color accuracy relative to a printer.
    Ex. These problems range from misalignment of priorities in information technology budgeting to extraordinary difficulties in human resources areas = Estos problemas van desde falta de coordinación en las prioridades del presupuesto para la tecnología de la información a dificultades extraordinarias en las cuestiones referentes a los recursos humanos.
    Ex. Unbalance occurs when the center of gravity of a rotating object is not aligned with its center of rotation.
    ----
    * desajuste cada vez mayor entre... y = widening of the gap beween.... and, widening gap between... and.
    * desajuste cada vez menor entre... y = narrowing gap between... and, narrowing of the gap between... and.
    * desajuste terminológico = vocabulary mismatch.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Econ, Fin) imbalance
    b) (Psic, Sociol)
    2)
    a) ( trastorno) disruption
    b) ( defecto) fault
    * * *
    = imbalance, mismatch, gap, misfit, malalignment, maladjustment, misadjustment, misalignment, unbalance.

    Ex: This results in an imbalance of error tolerance.

    Ex: The electron microscope is a clear case of extreme mismatch between the number of citations received and the impact of the instrument in a wide area of science.
    Ex: The gap between what private and public institutions charge means that private schools are at a big disadvantage in recruiting students.
    Ex: For the benefit of both users and vendors, this misfit should be overcome.
    Ex: The literature is filled with articles regarding the diagnosis, ' malalignment of the patella,' most of which give no precise diagnosis.
    Ex: The findings indicated that antisocial behavior was relatively stable across the elementary school years and seemed indicative for increasing maladjustment during adolescence.
    Ex: Laptop computers can also have misadjustments relating to color accuracy relative to a printer.
    Ex: These problems range from misalignment of priorities in information technology budgeting to extraordinary difficulties in human resources areas = Estos problemas van desde falta de coordinación en las prioridades del presupuesto para la tecnología de la información a dificultades extraordinarias en las cuestiones referentes a los recursos humanos.
    Ex: Unbalance occurs when the center of gravity of a rotating object is not aligned with its center of rotation.
    * desajuste cada vez mayor entre... y = widening of the gap beween.... and, widening gap between... and.
    * desajuste cada vez menor entre... y = narrowing gap between... and, narrowing of the gap between... and.
    * desajuste terminológico = vocabulary mismatch.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Econ, Fin) imbalance
    2 ( Psic, Sociol):
    síntomas de algún desajuste con el entorno symptoms of a failure to adjust to one's environment o of problems in adjusting to one's environment
    B
    1 (trastorno) disruption
    la tormenta provocó un desajuste en los horarios the storm disrupted the timetables
    2 (defecto) fault
    * * *

    Del verbo desajustar: ( conjugate desajustar)

    desajusté es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

    desajuste es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    desajustar    
    desajuste
    desajustar vtr (desbaratar planes, horarios) to upset
    (una pieza) to loosen
    desajuste sustantivo masculino upset
    (económico) economic imbalance
    un desajuste de horarios, a clash of timetables
    ' desajuste' also found in these entries:
    English:
    mismatch
    * * *
    1. [de piezas] misalignment;
    [de aparato, motor, máquina] malfunction, fault
    2. [de declaraciones, versiones] inconsistency
    3. [económico] imbalance
    * * *
    m
    1 disruption
    2 COM imbalance
    3
    :
    existe un desajuste en el engranaje the gears are not adjusted correctly
    * * *
    1) : maladjustment
    2) : imbalance
    3) : upset, disruption

    Spanish-English dictionary > desajuste

  • 17 cotidiano

    adj.
    everyday, daily, day-to-day, quotidian.
    * * *
    1 daily, everyday
    * * *
    (f. - cotidiana)
    adj.
    everyday, daily
    * * *
    ADJ daily, everyday

    la vida cotidiana — daily life, everyday life

    * * *
    - na adjetivo < vida> everyday, daily
    * * *
    = day to day [day-to-day], everyday, habitualized, daily.
    Nota: Adjetivo.
    Ex. The latter is the viewpoint of those who are perhaps concerned about day to day maintenance of the equipment.
    Ex. We have too much invested, and the new systems too intimately integrated into the everyday operation of the library, for us to assume any longer that we can temper their influence on emerging standards.
    Ex. Habitualized actions, they further suggest, become embedded in human behavior and provide the psychological gain of narrowing choices.
    Ex. Successful libraries will embrace the future by incorporating new technology into daily routines.
    ----
    * afrontar los problemas cotidianos = grapple with + life's problems.
    * dedicarse a + Posesivo + quehacer cotidiano = go about + Posesivo + everyday life.
    * dedicarse a + Posesivo + tareas cotidianas = go about + Posesivo + everyday life.
    * experiencia cotidiana = flux of experience.
    * expresión cotidiana = everyday locution.
    * formado por gente cotidiana de la calle = grassroots [grass-roots].
    * lenguaje cotidiano = everyday speech, everyday language.
    * locución cotidiana = everyday locution.
    * problema cotidiano = daily problem.
    * situación cotidiana = everyday situation, daily situation.
    * trabajo cotidiano = daily work.
    * vida cotidiana = daily life, everyday living.
    * vida cotidiana, la = day to day life, the, everyday life.
    * * *
    - na adjetivo < vida> everyday, daily
    * * *
    = day to day [day-to-day], everyday, habitualized, daily.
    Nota: Adjetivo.

    Ex: The latter is the viewpoint of those who are perhaps concerned about day to day maintenance of the equipment.

    Ex: We have too much invested, and the new systems too intimately integrated into the everyday operation of the library, for us to assume any longer that we can temper their influence on emerging standards.
    Ex: Habitualized actions, they further suggest, become embedded in human behavior and provide the psychological gain of narrowing choices.
    Ex: Successful libraries will embrace the future by incorporating new technology into daily routines.
    * afrontar los problemas cotidianos = grapple with + life's problems.
    * dedicarse a + Posesivo + quehacer cotidiano = go about + Posesivo + everyday life.
    * dedicarse a + Posesivo + tareas cotidianas = go about + Posesivo + everyday life.
    * experiencia cotidiana = flux of experience.
    * expresión cotidiana = everyday locution.
    * formado por gente cotidiana de la calle = grassroots [grass-roots].
    * lenguaje cotidiano = everyday speech, everyday language.
    * locución cotidiana = everyday locution.
    * problema cotidiano = daily problem.
    * situación cotidiana = everyday situation, daily situation.
    * trabajo cotidiano = daily work.
    * vida cotidiana = daily life, everyday living.
    * vida cotidiana, la = day to day life, the, everyday life.

    * * *
    ‹vida› everyday, daily
    mi trabajo cotidiano my daily work routine, the work I do every day
    * * *

     

    cotidiano
    ◊ -na adjetivo

    daily;

    ‹ vida› everyday, daily
    cotidiano,-a adjetivo daily, everyday
    ' cotidiano' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    cotidiana
    English:
    accustom
    - daily
    - day-to-day
    - everyday
    - day
    * * *
    cotidiano, -a adj
    daily;
    el trabajo cotidiano day-to-day tasks;
    ser algo cotidiano to be an everyday occurrence
    * * *
    adj daily;
    vida cotidiana daily life
    * * *
    cotidiano, -na adj
    : daily, everyday
    la vida cotidiana: daily life
    * * *
    cotidiano adj daily

    Spanish-English dictionary > cotidiano

  • 18 determinado

    adj.
    1 determined, bound and determined, set, definite.
    2 given, particular.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: determinar.
    * * *
    1→ link=determinar determinar
    1 (preciso) definite, precise, certain, given, particular
    2 (día, hora, etc) fixed, set, appointed
    3 (resuelto) determined, decisive, resolute
    4 GRAMÁTICA definite
    5 MATEMÁTICAS determinate
    * * *
    (f. - determinada)
    adj.
    2) certain, particular
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=preciso) certain
    2) [persona] determined, resolute
    3) (Ling) [artículo] definite
    4) (Mat) determinate
    * * *
    - da adjetivo (definido, preciso) <fecha/lugar> certain
    * * *
    = determined, set, purposeful, dogged, determinate, unwavering, agreed, desired, hell-bent, certain, resolute.
    Ex. The fifteenth edition, published in 1951, represented a determined effort to update and unify the schedules.
    Ex. With a set number of categories the specificity of the headings to be included in the index must be determined to a large extent.
    Ex. Undue haste and panic can be minimized by calm, purposeful behavior that is reassuring to the public.
    Ex. The last 50 years of academic librarianship have seen a dogged search for standards.
    Ex. There is no coherent and determinate body of legal doctrine and the categories available for classifying legal problems simply mask the incoherency and indeterminacy of legal doctrine.
    Ex. Savage's greatest claim to the attention of present-day librarians is his inspiring and unwavering belief in the value of librarianship.
    Ex. Such reports are sent to 'correspondents' in the member states; these correspondents are responsible for forwarding the reports to an agreed list of destinations in their own country.
    Ex. Arguably, before one tries to understand what current action would be optimal, one should decide on the desired eventual outcome.
    Ex. Fuller's novel make for a form of intellectual clarity, even if that clarity, paradoxically, is expressed in a ferocious hell-bent manner.
    Ex. The same is true for personal names, for subject headings or descriptors, for certain types of titles, for classification numbers, for call numbers, and so on = Lo mismo ocurre en el caso de los nombres personales, los encabezamientos de materia o descriptores, cierto tipo de títulos, los números de clasificación, las signaturas topográficas, etc.
    Ex. The work on gaining acceptance for disabled people in the 1980s is to become more resolute in the 1990s in the name of social justice.
    ----
    * determinado de antemano = pre-established [preestablished].
    * determinado por el consumidor = consumer-driven [consumer driven].
    * determinado por el usuario = customer driven [customer-driven].
    * determinado por la genética = genetically-driven.
    * determinado por los genes = genetically-driven.
    * dispositivo de desconexión automática transcurrido un tiempo determinado = time out mechanism.
    * en determinadas ocasiones = sometimes, on particular occasions.
    * en ocasiones determinadas = on any one occasion.
    * en un momento determinado = at a particular point in time, on any one occasion.
    * número determinado de = nth.
    * * *
    - da adjetivo (definido, preciso) <fecha/lugar> certain
    * * *
    = determined, set, purposeful, dogged, determinate, unwavering, agreed, desired, hell-bent, certain, resolute.

    Ex: The fifteenth edition, published in 1951, represented a determined effort to update and unify the schedules.

    Ex: With a set number of categories the specificity of the headings to be included in the index must be determined to a large extent.
    Ex: Undue haste and panic can be minimized by calm, purposeful behavior that is reassuring to the public.
    Ex: The last 50 years of academic librarianship have seen a dogged search for standards.
    Ex: There is no coherent and determinate body of legal doctrine and the categories available for classifying legal problems simply mask the incoherency and indeterminacy of legal doctrine.
    Ex: Savage's greatest claim to the attention of present-day librarians is his inspiring and unwavering belief in the value of librarianship.
    Ex: Such reports are sent to 'correspondents' in the member states; these correspondents are responsible for forwarding the reports to an agreed list of destinations in their own country.
    Ex: Arguably, before one tries to understand what current action would be optimal, one should decide on the desired eventual outcome.
    Ex: Fuller's novel make for a form of intellectual clarity, even if that clarity, paradoxically, is expressed in a ferocious hell-bent manner.
    Ex: The same is true for personal names, for subject headings or descriptors, for certain types of titles, for classification numbers, for call numbers, and so on = Lo mismo ocurre en el caso de los nombres personales, los encabezamientos de materia o descriptores, cierto tipo de títulos, los números de clasificación, las signaturas topográficas, etc.
    Ex: The work on gaining acceptance for disabled people in the 1980s is to become more resolute in the 1990s in the name of social justice.
    * determinado de antemano = pre-established [preestablished].
    * determinado por el consumidor = consumer-driven [consumer driven].
    * determinado por el usuario = customer driven [customer-driven].
    * determinado por la genética = genetically-driven.
    * determinado por los genes = genetically-driven.
    * dispositivo de desconexión automática transcurrido un tiempo determinado = time out mechanism.
    * en determinadas ocasiones = sometimes, on particular occasions.
    * en ocasiones determinadas = on any one occasion.
    * en un momento determinado = at a particular point in time, on any one occasion.
    * número determinado de = nth.

    * * *
    A (definido, preciso) ‹fecha/lugar› certain
    quedaron en encontrarse en un lugar determinado y no apareció they agreed to meet at a certain o given place but she didn't show up
    en determinado momento me di cuenta de que se había ido at a certain point I realized that she had gone
    en determinadas circunstancias in certain circumstances
    de una manera determinada in a certain o particular way
    si se excede una determinada dosis if a particular dosage is exceeded
    B ‹persona/actitud› determined, resolute
    * * *

     

    Del verbo determinar: ( conjugate determinar)

    determinado es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    determinado    
    determinar
    determinado
    ◊ -da adjetivo ‹fecha/lugar› certain;

    en determinadas circunstancias in certain circumstances;
    una determinada dosis a particular dosage
    determinar ( conjugate determinar) verbo transitivo
    1 (establecer, precisar)
    a) [ley/contrato] to state;

    [ persona] to determine

    2 ( motivar) to cause, bring about
    determinado,-a adjetivo
    1 (concreto, preciso) fixed: en determinado momento se puso a cantar, at one particular moment she began to sing
    le gusta un tipo de música muy determinado, she likes a certain kind of music
    2 Ling (artículo) definite
    3 (decidido, convencido) decisive, resolute
    determinar verbo transitivo
    1 (concretar, especificar) to fix, set
    2 (tomar una decisión) to decide on
    3 (averigurar, aclarar) las causas del secuestro están por determinar, the motives for the kidnapping are still unknown
    4 (condicionar) to determine
    5 (causar) to bring about
    ' determinado' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    determinada
    - orientar
    - resuelta
    - resuelto
    - tardar
    - dado
    - dejar
    - empecinado
    English:
    certain
    - definite
    - given
    - hellbent
    - pitch
    - set
    - particular
    * * *
    determinado, -a adj
    1. [cierto, alguno] certain;
    en determinadas fechas es mejor no viajar it is better not to travel on certain dates;
    hay determinados lugares donde la delincuencia es mayor there are certain places where the crime rate is higher;
    ante determinados síntomas es mejor acudir al médico with some symptoms it is better to see your doctor
    2. [preciso, concreto] specific, particular;
    en un momento determinado no sabía qué hacer there was a point where I just didn't know what to do
    3. [resuelto] determined;
    estar determinado a hacer algo to be determined to do sth
    4. Gram definite;
    artículo determinado definite article
    * * *
    adj certain
    * * *
    determinado, -da adj
    1) : certain, particular
    2) : determined, resolute
    * * *
    1. (cierto) certain
    2. (preciso) specific / particular

    Spanish-English dictionary > determinado

  • 19 igualmente

    adv.
    1 also, likewise (also).
    2 the same to you, likewise.
    3 equally, alike, too, as well.
    intj.
    1 just the same.
    2 the same to you.
    * * *
    ■ es igualmente usual que... it is just as usual that...
    2 (también) likewise; (a pesar de ello) all the same, still
    ■ se refirió igualmente a... he also referred to...
    3 (como respuesta) the same to you
    ■ ¡que haya suerte! --¡igualmente! good luck! --the same to you!
    * * *
    adv.
    * * *
    ADV
    1) (=del mismo modo) equally

    todos mis estudiantes son igualmente vagos — all my students are equally lazy, my students are all as lazy as each other

    aunque se lo prohíbas, lo hará igualmente — even if you tell him not to, he'll do it anyway o just the same

    2) (=también) likewise

    igualmente, los pensionistas quedan exentos — likewise, pensioners are exempt

    3) [en saludo] likewise, the same to you

    -¡Feliz Navidad! -gracias, igualmente — "Happy Christmas!" - "thanks, likewise o the same to you"

    -muchos recuerdos a tus padres -gracias, igualmente — "give my regards to your parents" - "I will, and to yours too"

    4) (=uniformemente) evenly
    * * *

    saludos a tu mujer - gracias, igualmente — give my regards to your wife - thanks, and to yours (too)

    b) <bueno/malo> equally
    c) (frml) ( también) likewise
    * * *
    = as well, for that matter, likewise, similarly, correspondingly, equally, just as importantly, equally importantly, as importantly, so too, in like manner, in a like manner, in like fashion, same here, me too, in like vein.
    Ex. Again, the following statement is appropriate: A is permitted, but consider B or C or... N, as well or instead.
    Ex. A machine-readable national data base, or for that matter any catalog, should be capable of existing in time.
    Ex. 'Bearings' are part of the Key system 'Dynamos', and thus may be denoted by (p), thus (p) Bearings and likewise (p) Diameter.
    Ex. Thus the electronic journal (e-journal) is a concept where scientists are able to input ideas and text to a computer data base for their colleagues to view, and similarly to view the work of others.
    Ex. For supercomputers the number of sales is at a much lower level, but the unit prices are correspondingly higher.
    Ex. Porous Bavarian limestone was used as this absorbs grease and water equally.
    Ex. And, just as importantly, computers have assumed an increasingly pervasive role in industrial automation.
    Ex. Equally importantly, it strives to reflect the latest developments in the field of cooperative activities.
    Ex. As importantly, I also want to look at the medium term management problems relating to the delivery of digital libraries.
    Ex. Quality is important but so too is hard statistical evidence of the library's productivity.
    Ex. In like manner, new books do not generally replace old ones in libraries.
    Ex. The author suggests that certain types of people are attracted to certain occupations, and that people who choose the same occupation tend to behave in a like manner within their occupational group.
    Ex. Since Michigan's pioneering move, two other schools have re-baptized themselves in like fashion.
    Ex. Same here. I mean, I personally think that there is some divine power somewhere.
    Ex. Unfortunately, this approach results mostly in ' me too' behavior and very little that's new.
    Ex. Other old crones added their ribaldries in like vein, amusing everyone but the young couple.
    * * *

    saludos a tu mujer - gracias, igualmente — give my regards to your wife - thanks, and to yours (too)

    b) <bueno/malo> equally
    c) (frml) ( también) likewise
    * * *
    = as well, for that matter, likewise, similarly, correspondingly, equally, just as importantly, equally importantly, as importantly, so too, in like manner, in a like manner, in like fashion, same here, me too, in like vein.

    Ex: Again, the following statement is appropriate: A is permitted, but consider B or C or... N, as well or instead.

    Ex: A machine-readable national data base, or for that matter any catalog, should be capable of existing in time.
    Ex: 'Bearings' are part of the Key system 'Dynamos', and thus may be denoted by (p), thus (p) Bearings and likewise (p) Diameter.
    Ex: Thus the electronic journal (e-journal) is a concept where scientists are able to input ideas and text to a computer data base for their colleagues to view, and similarly to view the work of others.
    Ex: For supercomputers the number of sales is at a much lower level, but the unit prices are correspondingly higher.
    Ex: Porous Bavarian limestone was used as this absorbs grease and water equally.
    Ex: And, just as importantly, computers have assumed an increasingly pervasive role in industrial automation.
    Ex: Equally importantly, it strives to reflect the latest developments in the field of cooperative activities.
    Ex: As importantly, I also want to look at the medium term management problems relating to the delivery of digital libraries.
    Ex: Quality is important but so too is hard statistical evidence of the library's productivity.
    Ex: In like manner, new books do not generally replace old ones in libraries.
    Ex: The author suggests that certain types of people are attracted to certain occupations, and that people who choose the same occupation tend to behave in a like manner within their occupational group.
    Ex: Since Michigan's pioneering move, two other schools have re-baptized themselves in like fashion.
    Ex: Same here. I mean, I personally think that there is some divine power somewhere.
    Ex: Unfortunately, this approach results mostly in ' me too' behavior and very little that's new.
    Ex: Other old crones added their ribaldries in like vein, amusing everyone but the young couple.

    * * *
    A
    (en fórmulas de cortesía): que lo pases muy bien — igualmente have a great time — you too o and you
    saludos a tu mujer — gracias, igualmente give my regards to your wife — thanks, and to yours (too)
    feliz Año Nuevo — gracias, igualmente Happy New Year — thanks, the same to you
    B ‹bueno/malo› equally
    hay cinco candidatos, todos igualmente malos there are five candidates, all equally bad o all as bad as each other
    C ( frml) (también) likewise
    * * *

     

    igualmente adverbio

    ◊ que lo pases muy bien — igualmente have a great time — you too o and you

    b) ‹bueno/malo› equally

    c) (frml) ( también) likewise

    igualmente adverbio
    1 (por igual) equally: las dos hipótesis son igualmente probables, the two hypotheses are equally possible
    2 (del mismo modo, lo mismo digo) fam ¡estás preciosa! - ¡igualmente!, you look great!- you too!
    ¡gracias! - ¡igualmente!, thank you! - the same to you!
    3 (también) also, likewise: ... el siguiente caso es igualmente incurable,... the next case is also incurable
    ' igualmente' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ver
    - asimismo
    English:
    alike
    - equally
    - same
    - similarly
    * * *
    1. [de manera igual] equally;
    la riqueza no está repartida igualmente wealth is not distributed equally;
    dos proyectos igualmente importantes two equally important projects
    2. [también] also, likewise;
    ofreció igualmente dar asilo a los refugiados he also o likewise offered to grant the refugees asylum;
    igualmente, querría recordar a nuestro querido maestro I would also like us to remember our much-loved teacher
    3. [fórmula de cortesía]
    que pases un buen fin de semana – igualmente have a good weekend – you too;
    que aproveche – igualmente enjoy your meal – you too;
    ¡Feliz Navidad! – igualmente Merry Christmas! – same to you!;
    encantado de conocerlo – igualmente pleased to meet you – likewise;
    recuerdos a tu madre – gracias, igualmente give my regards to your mother – thanks, give mine to yours too
    * * *
    adv equally
    * * *
    1) : equally
    2) asimismo: likewise
    * * *
    igualmente1 adv equally
    igualmente2 interj the same to you! / you too!
    ¡que vaya bien! ¡Igualmente! all the best! The same to you!

    Spanish-English dictionary > igualmente

  • 20 inadaptado

    adj.
    unadapted, misfit, maladjusted.
    m.
    misfit.
    * * *
    1 maladjusted
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 misfit
    * * *
    inadaptado, -a
    1.
    ADJ maladjusted (a to)
    2.
    SM / F misfit, maladjusted person

    inadaptado/a social — social misfit

    * * *
    I
    - da adjetivo maladjusted
    II
    - da masculino, femenino misfit
    * * *
    = maladjusted, ill-adapted.
    Ex. Its children's library runs story telling workshops and works with chronically ill and maladjusted schoolchildren.
    Ex. She was emotionally and socially ill-adapted, manipulated by a mother crippled by the conventions of appropriate female behavior.
    ----
    * inadaptado social = misfit, social misfit.
    * * *
    I
    - da adjetivo maladjusted
    II
    - da masculino, femenino misfit
    * * *
    = maladjusted, ill-adapted.

    Ex: Its children's library runs story telling workshops and works with chronically ill and maladjusted schoolchildren.

    Ex: She was emotionally and socially ill-adapted, manipulated by a mother crippled by the conventions of appropriate female behavior.
    * inadaptado social = misfit, social misfit.

    * * *
    maladjusted
    jóvenes inadaptados youngsters who fail to adapt o who have problems fitting in, maladjusted youngsters
    masculine, feminine
    los drogadictos son considerados unos inadaptados sociales drug addicts are seen as social misfits
    toda la vida fue un inadaptado all his life he had problems fitting in
    * * *

    inadaptado
    ◊ -da adjetivo

    maladjusted
    inadaptado,-a
    I adjetivo maladjusted
    II sustantivo masculino y femenino misfit

    ' inadaptado' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    inadaptada
    English:
    misfit
    - maladjusted
    * * *
    inadaptado, -a
    ♦ adj
    maladjusted
    ♦ nm,f
    misfit;
    es un inadaptado social he is a social misfit
    * * *
    adj maladjusted
    * * *
    inadaptado, -da adj
    : maladjusted
    inadaptado, -da n
    : misfit

    Spanish-English dictionary > inadaptado

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  • Behavior-based safety — (BBS) is the ”application of science of behavior change to real world problems”. [Staff. “How Does Behavioral Safety work?” Cambridge Center for Behavior Studies. ] BBS “focuses on what people do, analyzes why they do it, and then applies a… …   Wikipedia

  • Behavior settings — are theorized entities that help explain the relationship between individuals and the environment particularly the social environment. This topic is typically indexed under the larger rubric of Ecological (or Environmental) Psychology . However,… …   Wikipedia

  • Behavior engineering — is an integrated discipline that supports the systems and software engineering of large scale, dependable software intensive systems.Behavior Engineering s strength lies in the innovative way it squarely addresses the problems of scale,… …   Wikipedia

  • Behavior analysis of child development — Child development in behavior analytic theory has origins in John B. Watson s behaviorism.[1] Watson wrote extensively on child development and conducted research (see Little Albert experiment). Watson was instrumental in the modification of… …   Wikipedia

  • Behavior Change Communication — BCC: Going beyond simple teaching and instruction …   Wikipedia

  • Professional practice of behavior analysis — The professional practice of behavior analysis is the fourth domain of behavior analysis. The other three are behaviorism, experimental analysis of behavior, and applied behavior analysis. [Cooper, et al. p. 20] The professional practice of… …   Wikipedia

  • Positive behavior support — strives to use a system to understand what maintains an individual’s challenging behavior. Students’ inappropriate behaviors are difficult to change because they are functional; they serve a purpose for the child. These behaviors are supported by …   Wikipedia

  • Applied behavior analysis — (ABA) is the science of applying experimentally derived principles of behavior to improve socially significant behavior. ABA takes what we know about behavior and uses it to bring about positive change (Applied). Behaviors are defined in… …   Wikipedia

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